Human Rights in Tanzzania

HUMAN RIGHTS IN TANZANIA: Selected Cases and Materials Table of Contents Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms are the birthright of all human beings; their protection and promotion is the first responsibility of governments Vienna Declaration of the World Conference on Human Rights, 1993 I am not learned in law, but I fully appreciate the importance of having the independence of the judiciary entrenched in the Basic Law of the Land. It is an independence I will always support, encourage a:nd protect. But I also believe that this is not intended to be an abstract independence, an independence of an aloof and detached legal fraternity suspended in mid-air without root or social and political context. Foreword by Hon. Mr. Justice Robert H. Kisanga VII Acknowledgements IX Introduction XI Table of Contents XVII Abbreviations XXX President Benjamin William Mkapa 16th December, 1996 CHAPTER ONE Background to Human Rights in Tanzania A. The Constitutional Set-up in the United Republic of Tanzania I B. Human Rights in Colonial Tanzania 2 C. Independence and the Struggle for a Bill of Rights 3 XVIII Table ofContents D. One-Party Political System and Refusal ofBill of Rights 4 E. Alternative to the Bill of Rights: The Preamble to the Constitution and the Permanent Commission of Enquiry (PCE) 9 .- F. The 1983 Constitutional Amendment Proposals II G. The Enactment of the Bill of Rights of 1985 I2 H. Zanzibar Resolution and Loss of Political Direction 14 .I. The Nyalali Commission and Human Rights in Tanzania I5 (1). The Forty Plus Unconstitutional Laws 17 (2). Introduction ofMulti-party Political System I8 CHAPTER TWO The Right to Life A. Right to Life as the Basis of All Rights 25 B. Right to Life in International Legal Instruments 25 C. The Death Penalty 27 D. Right to Life and Extradition 30 E. Rights of the Child: The Right to Life 33 (1). International Legal Instruments on the Rights of the Child 33 (2). Various Types of Child Abuse 36 (3). The Child in Tanzania 38 F. Right to Life in Tanzania 40 1. Republic v. Mbushuu and Another, High Court of Tanzania at Dodoma, Original Jurisdiction, Criminal Sessions Case No. 44 of 1991, Mwalusanya, J. Reported in [1994] 2 LRC 335. 42 2. Republic v. Pancras Oteyo Okumu and Another, District Court of Ilala at Dar es Salaam, Criminal Case No. 1059 of 1982 (Unreported), Korosso, Chief Resident Magistrate. 62 3. Chiku Lidah v. Adam Omari, High Court of Tanzania at Singida, (PC) Civil Appeal No. 34 of 1991 (Unreported), Mwalusanya, J. 66 · 4. Athuman Ally Maumba v. The United Republic, High Court of Tanzania at Dares Salaam, Criminal Appeal No. 95 of 1989 (Unreported), Lugakingira, J. 72 Table of Contents CHAPTER THREE Protection Against Torture and Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment A. Defining Torture and Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment 84 B. Reasons and Methods of Torture 85 (1). Physical Torture 86 .(2). Psychological Torture 86 C. Experience of Torture Victims 87 D. International Combat of Torture 89 E. Protection Against Torture and Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment in Tanzania 91 XIX 5. Republic v. Godfrey Ihuya and 3 Others, High Court of Tanzania at Mwanza, Original Jurisdiction (Mwanza Registry) Criminal Sessions Case No. 8 of 1980 (Unreported), Mnzavas, J.K. 95 6. Thomas !Yfjengi and Another v. Republic, High Court of Tanzania at Dodoma, Criminal Appeals No. 28 and 31 of 1991 (Unreported), Mwalusanya, J. 115 CHAPTER FOUR Protection Against Harassment A. Harassment in a Wider Perspective 129 B. Security from Harassment 129 C. Harassment Based on Belief in Witchcraft 130 (1). Witchcraft and the Law 132 (2). The Law on Witchcraft in Tanzania 136 7. Nzinza s/o Lihoyo v. Gambason Chenge and 5 Others, High Court of Tanzania at Mwanza, (PC) Criminal Appeal No. 14 of 1988 (Unreported), Sekule, J. 137 8. Republic v. Sambo Chaba and 2 Others, High Court of Tanzania at Tabora, Original Jurisdiction, Criminal Sessions Case No. 99 of 1985 (Unreported), Mchome, PRM (Extended Jurisdiction). 142 XX Table of Contents CHAPTER FIVE The Right to a Clean and Satisfactory Environment A. Environment as a Common Heritage of Mankind 149 B. Right to a Clean Environment as a Human Right 150 C. Legal Protection of the Environment in Tanzania 152 D. Tanzania's International Obligations in Environmental Issues 155 E. Need for Seriousness in Environmental Protection 157 9. Joseph D. Kessy and Others v. The City Council of Dares Salaam, High Court of Tanzania at Dares Salaam, Civil Case No. 299 of 1988 (Unreported), Lugakingira, J. 157 10. Festa Balegele and 794 Others v. Dares Salaam City Council, High Court of Tanzania at Dares Salaam, Miscellaneous Civil Cause No. 90 of 1991 (Unreported), Ruban1a, J. 163 CHAPTER SIX Right to Work A. Underlining the Importance of the Right to Work 169 . B. Labour Legislation In Tanzania 170 C. Criminalisation of the Labour Process 173 11. Augustine Masatu v. Mwanza Textile Ltd, High Court of Tanzania at Mwanza, Civil Case No.3 of 1986 (Unreported), Mwalusanya, J. 173 12. Obadiah Salehe v. Dodoma Wine Company Ltd., High Court of Tanzania at Dodoma Civil Case No. 53 of 1990 (Unreported), Mwalusanya, J. 181 CHAPTER SEVEN Right to Fruits of One's Labour A. Labour as a Basic Source of Wealth 195 B. The Policy of Socialism and Self-reliance 196 C. Villagisation and the Use ofForce 198 D. Resistance to the Villagisation Programme 201 E. Villagisation Programme and the Courts of Law 202 13. Lafata Msangawale v. Henry Mwamlima, High Court of Tanzania at Dodoma, Civil Appeal No. 99 of1975, Mwesiumo, J., Reported in 1979 LRTNo. 3 203 Table of Contents XXI 14. Ntiyahela Boneka v. Kijiji Cha Ujamaa Mutala, High Court of Tanzania at Tabora, (PC) Civil Appeal No. 21 of 1987 (Unreported), Chipeta, J. 211 CHAPTER EIGHT Right to Communal Land Ownership A. Land Ownership in Tanzania 214 B. Customary Land Ownership in Tanzania 216 C. The Regulation of Land Tenure (Established Villages) Act, 1992 218 D. Terrorization of the Peasantry by the State 220 E. Minority and their Rights 223 (1). International Law and Minorities 223 (2). Minorities in Tanzania 226 15. Mulbadaw Village Council and 67 Others v. National Agricultural and Food Corporation, High Court of Tanzania at Arusha, Civil Case No. I 0 of 1981 (Unreported), D'Souza, Ag. J. 228 16. Attorney-General v. Lohay Akonaay and Another, Court of Appeal of Tanzania at Arusha, Civil Appeal No. 31 of 1994, Nyalali, C.J., Reported in [1995] 2 LRC 399 236 CHAPTER NINE Right to Own Private Property A. The Genesis of the Right to Private Property 248 B. Right to Private Property in International Human Rights Instruments 249 C. Right to Private Property in Tanzania 250 (1). The Independence Constitution 250 • (2). The Investment Regime and Nationalizations 252 (3). High-handedness of the State and its Functionaries 253 D. Property Rights in the Bill of Rights Era 253 17. John Mwombeki Byombalirwa v. The Regional Commissioner, Kagera and Another, High Court of Tanzania at Mwanza, Miscellaneous Civil Cause No. 22 of 1986 (Unreported), Mwalusanya, J. 254 18. Edward Mlaki and Another v. The Regional Police Commander Kilimanjaro Region and Another, High Court of Tanzania at Arusha, Miscellaneous Civil Application No. 38 of 1979 (Unreported), Mwesiumo, J. 265 XXII Table of Contents 19. Khimji Gangji Sisodya v. Republic, High Court of Tanzania at Arusha, Appellate Jurisdiction, High Court Criminal Appeal No. 191 of 1978 (Unreported), Mwesiumo, J. 269 CHAPTER TEN Right and Freedom of Business A. The Right to a Self-Reliant Existence 275 B. Private Investors and their Rights 276 C. Indigenisation, Machinga and Freedom of Business 277 D. Harassment of the Business Community by the State 280 20. Mwanza Restaurant and Catering Association v. Mwanza Municipal Director, High Court of Tanzania at Mwanza, Miscellaneous Civil Cause No.3 of 1987 (Unreported), Mwalusanya, J. 280 21. Palm Beach Inn Ltd and Nail a Majid Jiddawy v. Commission for Tourism and 2 Others, High Court of Zanzibar at Zanzibar, Civil Application No. 30 of 1994 (Unreported), Kannonyele, J. 296 CHAPTER ELEVEN Right of Access to Justice A. Access to Justice as Part of Rule of Law 304 B. The King Can Do No Wrong- the Government Too? 306 C. Insulating the Government from Legal Process 307 D. Breaking the Myth - the Right to Sue the Government 308 22. Peter Ng'omango v. Gerson MK Mwangwa and Another, High Court of Tanzania at Dodoma, Civil Case No. 22 of 1992 (Unreported), Mwalusanya, J. 309 23. Pumbun and Another v. Attorney-Genera/ and Another, Court of Appeal of Tanzania at Arusha, Civil Appeal No. 32 of 1992, Kisanga, J.A., Reported in [ 1993] 2 LRC 317 319 24. Himidi Mbaye v. The Brigade Commander of Nyuki Brigade, High Court of Zanzibar at Zanzibar, High Court Civil Case No.8 of 1981 (Unreported), Ramadhani, C.J. 326 Table of Contents CHAPTER TWELVE Right to Legal Representation A. The Basis of the Right to Legal Representation 334 B. Legal Counsel for the Indigent Accused 337 C. Representation by a Para-legal or a Non-lawyer 340 D. Can the State provide Counsel for all Indigent Accused Persons? 342 ~· Legal Aid Schemes and Legal Assistance to the Poor 343 (1). Tanganyika Law Society (TLS) 343 (2). Shirika Ia Uchumi Ia Umoja wa Wanawake wa Tanzania (SUWATA) 344 (3). Tanzania Media Women Association (TAMWA) 345 (4). The Legal Aid Committee of the Faculty of Law (UDSM) 345 (5). Tanzania Women Lawyers' Association (TAWLA) 346 (6). Legal and Human Rights Centre (LHRC) 347 F. The Legal Counsel Should be Independent 348 XXIII 25. Khasim Hamisi Manywele v. Republic, High Court of Tanzania at Dodoma, Criminal Appeal No. 39 of 1990 (Unreported), Mwalusanya, J. 349 26. P~otazi Kutaga v. Asteria Ndyamukama and Another, High Court of Tanzania at Mwanza (PC) Civil Appeal No. 115 of 1983 (Unreported), Mwalusanya, J. 372 27. National Bank of Commerce v. Vita/is Ayemba, High Court of Tanzania at Mwanza, High Court Civil Case No. 37 of 1988 (Unreported), Mwalusanya, J. 375 CHAPTER THIRTEEN Equality Before the Law: Gender and Status Discrimination A. Rule of Law and Discrimination 3 79 B. Equality Before the Law and Discrimination 380 C. Equality, Women Rights and Discrimination 381 D. International Community and Gender Discrimination 381 E. Gender Discrimination in Tanzania 383 F. Customary Law and Gender Discrimination 384 G. Discrimination on the Basis of Status 386 28. Ephrahim v. Pastory and Another, High Court of Tanzania at Mwanza (PC) Civil Appeal No. 70 of 1989, Mwalusanya, J., Reported in [1990] LRC (Const) 757. 387 29. Bi. Hawa Mohamed v. Ally Seju, Court of Appeal of Tanzania at Dares Salaam, Civil Appeal No.9 of 1983 (Unreported), Nyalali, C.J. 398 t XXIV Table of Contents 30. Donatila Exaveri v. Perekimas Twamgambo, High Court of Tanzania at DareS" Salaam, Miscellaneous Civil Appeal No. 87 of 1989 (Unreported), Nchalla, J. 407 31. Phi/lemon Chatanda v. Republic, High Court of Tanzania at Mbeya, Miscellaneous Economic Criminal Application No. 11 of 1990 (Unreported), Chua, J. 411 32. A.A. Sisya and 35 Others v. The Principal Secretary, Ministry of Finance and Another, High Court of Tanzania at Dodoma, Civil Case No.5 of 1994 (Unreported), Mwalusanya, J. 417 CHAPTER FOURTEEN Rules of Natural Justice A. Meaning ofNatural Justice 428 B. The Rule Against Bias 429 C. The Right to Be Heard 430 D. The Right to Know Reasons for the Decision 431 E. Rules of Natural Justice in Tanzania 432 F. Institutions of Higher Learning and Natural Justice 435 33. Felix Bushaija and 8 Others v. The Institute of Development Management and Another, High Court of Tanzania at Dares Salaam, Miscellaneous Civil Case No. 89 of 1991 (Unreported), Kyando, J. 439 34. Amir Hamza Umar and 3 Others v. The Minister for Local Government, Co-operatives and Marketing, High Court of Tanzania at Mwimza, Miscellaneous Civil Cause No.9 of 1989 (Unreported), Mwalusanya, J. 452 35. James F. Gwagilo v. Attorney-General, High Court of Tanzania at Dodoma, Civil Case No. 23 of 1993 (Unreported), Mwalusanya, J. 467 36. Said Juma Muslim Shekimweri v. Attorney-General, High Court of Tanzania at Dares Salaam, Miscellaneous Civil Cause No.3 of 1996 (Unreported), Samatta, J.K. 475 CHAPTER FIFTEEN Independence of the Judiciary: Harassment of the Judiciary by the Executive and the Ruling Party A. The Judiciary and Separation of Powers 483 B. Independence of the Judiciary 484 C. Factors Undermining the Independence of the Judiciary 486 D. The Party, the Government and the Judiciary 488 Table of Contents XXV E. Harassment of the Judicial Personnel 489 F. Contempt of Court by the Government 491 G. Side-stepping the Judiciary 493 37. Hamisi Masisi and 6 Others v. Republic, High Court of Tanzania at Mwanza, Miscellaneous Criminal Cause No. 54 of 1978, Reported in [1984] TLR 751, Mfalila, J. 497 38. Republic v. Iddi Mtegule, High Court of Tanzania at Dodoma, Criminal Revision No. I of 1979 (Unreported), Chipeta, J. 501 39. James Bita v. Iddi Kambi, High Court of Tanzania at Mwanza, (P.C.) Civil Appeal No. 104 of 1977, Reported in 1979 LRTNo. 9, Mfalila, J. 504 40. Ally Lilakwa v. Regional Prisons Officer Arusha and Another, High Court of Tanzania at Arusha, Miscellaneous Criminal Cause No. 29 of 1979 (Unreported), Mnzavas, J.K. 506 CHAPTER SIXTEEN Peoples' Initiatives and Illegal Assumption of Judicial Power A. The People and their Initiative 512 B. The Genesis of Sungusungu 513 C. Sungusungu and the State 513 D. Taking the Law in their Own Hands 514 41. Ngwegwe s!o Sangija and 3 Others v. Republic, High Court of Tanzania at Mwanza, Criminal Appeal No. 72 of 1987 (Unreported), Mwalusanya, J. 515 42. Misperesi K Maingu v. Hamisi Mtongori and 9 Others, High Court of Tanzania at Mwanza, Civil Case No. 16 of 1988 (Unreported), Mwalusanya, J. 522 CHAPTER SEVENTEEN The Right to Liberty: Right to Bail and Presumption of Innocence Freedom from All Forms of Restraint 526 Restriction to Total Liberty- Combating False Imprisonment 527 The Right to Bail and Its Legal Basis 529 . Presumption oflnnocence and Separation of Powers 531 to Juveniles 531 s/o Pete v. Republic, High Court of Tanzania at Mwanza, Miscellaneous Criminal Cause No. 80 of 1989 (Unreported), Mwalusanya, J. 532 XXVI Table of Contents 44. D.P.P. v. Angeline Ojare, High Court of Tanzania at Arusha, Criminal Appeal No. 31 of 1996 (Unreported), Nchalla, J .. 557 45. Republic v. Musuba Nyeisao and Another, High Court of Tanzania at Mwanza, Miscellaneous Criminal Cause No.6 of 1990 (Unreported), Mwalusanya, J. 572 CHAPTER EIGHTEEN Preventive Detention and Illegal Detention A. Defining Preventive Detention 582 B. History of Preventive Detention in Tanzania 584 C. Salient Features ofthe Preventive Detention Act, 1962 588 (1). Basis of Detention 588 (2). Arrest and Detention 591 (3). Challenge of Detention in Court of Law 592 D. The 1985 Amendment to the Preventive Detention Law 593 E. Other Laws Sanctioning Detention Without Trial 597 F. Making a Case for Abolition of Detention Without Trial 600 G. When Arrest and Detention is Illegal 601 H. Rampancy of Illegal Arrests and Detentions in Tanzania 601 I. From Legal to Illegal Detention 602 46. Ahmed Janmohamed Dhirani v. Republic, High Court of Tanzania at Mwanza, Miscellaneous Criminal Cause No. 28 of 1976, Reported in 1979 LRT No. 1, Maganga, J. 603 4 7. Shaaban Khamis Mloo and 4 Others v. The Superintendent of the Zanzibar Prison and Another, High Court of Zanzibar at Zanzibar, Miscellaneous Criminal Case No. 4 of 1990 (Unreported), Hamid, C.J. 608 48. Ally Yusuf Mpore v. Republic, High Court of Tanzania at Dares Salaam, Miscellaneous Criminal Cause No.2 of 1977 (Unreported), Samatta, Ag. J. 619 49. Dishon Susa Yamo and Another v. Republic, High Court of Tanzania at Mwanza, Miscellaneous Criminal Cause No.7 of 1985 (Unreported), Mushi, J. 622 50. Re Felix Bwogi, High Court of Tanzania at Dares Salaam, Miscellaneous Criminal Cause No. 29 of 1980 (Unreported), Kimicha, J. 626 Table of Contents CHAPTER NINETEEN Internal Deportation A. Deporting Away from Power Base 630 B. The Colonial Regime and Deportation 631 C. Deportation after Independence 631 D. The Constitutionality of Deportation 632 E: Abuse of the Deportation Law and Process 632 XXVII 51. Chumchua slo Marwa v. Officer i/c of Musoma Prison and Another, High Court of Tanzania at Mwanza, Miscellaneous Criminal Cause No.2 of 1988 (Unreported), Mwalusanya, J. 635 52. Sheikh Muhammad Nassar Abdulla v. The RPC Dares Salaam and 2 Others, High Court of Tanzania at Dares Salaam, Miscellaneous Criminal Cause No. 21 of 1983 (Unreported), Mapigano, J. 645 CHAPTER TWENTY Freedom of Association and The Right to Participate in National Affairs A. Freedom of Association at a General Level 651 (1 ). Right to Associate and International Law 652 (2). Regional Instruments and the Right to Associate 653 B. Freedom of Association in Tanzania 655 (1). Post Independence Period: 1961 to 1992 655 (2). The Multi-party Era: 1992 and Thereafter 657 C. The Right to Participate in National Affairs 657 D. Harassment of Political Opponents 661 E. Raising Fundamental Issues: Public Interest Litigation or Social Interest Litigation 663 53. Rev. Christopher Mtikila and 3 Others v. Republic, High Court of Tanzania at Dodoma, Criminal Appeal No. 90 of 1992 (Unreported), Mwalusanya, J. 665 54. Rev. Christopher Mtikila v. Attorney-General, High Court of Tanzania at Dodoma, Civil Case No.5 of 1993, Lugakingira, J. [Reported in Volume 1 Commonwealth Human Rights Law Digest, 1996, p. 11]. 676 55. Self Shariff Hamad v. Serikali ya Mapinduzi Zanzibar, Court of Appeal of Tanzania at Zanzibar, Criminal Appeal No. 171 of 1992 (Unreported), Ramadhani, J.A. 702 XXVIII Table of Contents CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE Enforcement and.the Future of Human Rights in Tanzania A. Enforcement of Human Rights: A General Overview 711 (!).Enforcement of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms at International Level 712 (2). Enforcement ofHuman Rights in Tanzania: The Role ofThe Judiciary 714 B. The Bill ofRights and Continued Violation of Human Rights 719 (I). Torture, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment 721 (i). Arrest and Detention of University Student Leaders 722 (ii). Torture to Death of Suspects in Custody 723 (iii). Unlawful Detention of a Foreigner Visitor 724 (2). Wanton Killings by Agents of the State 725 (i). The Kilombero Massacre of 1986 725 (ii). Killings by Police and Peoples Militia 726 (iii). Killing of the former Intelligence Chief 726 (3). Denial of Democratic Rights By the Executive 728 (i). Consent to Sue the Government 728 (ii). Restriction of the Freedom of Association 730 (iii). Right to Organize: Harassment ofBAWATA 730 (iv). Funga Mdomo: The War on the Media 735 (v). The the Right to Work and Natural Justice 741 (vi). Indirect Terrorization of Legal Counsel 743 (vii) The Abuse of the Powers of the D.P.P. 745 C. Continuous "Contempt of Court" by the State Through the Legislature 747 D. Political Scandals and Loss of Legitimacy 748 (1). The "Hunting Sheikhs" ofLoliondo 749 (2). Zanzibar and the Joining of the OIC 750 (3). Sailing to Death: The Mv. Bukoba Tragedy 752 ( 4). The 1995 First Multi-party Electi~ns 753 (5). The Contentious Tax Exemption·s · 760 E. The Basic Rights and Duties Enforcement Act, 1994 764 F. The Future of Human Rights in Tanzania 766 Table of Contents XXIX Glossary 769 Table of Cases 777 Table of Legislation 805 Selected Readings 815 Annexures 875 1. The Bill of Rights of the United Republic of Tanzania, 1984. 875 2. The Basic Rights and Duties Enforcement Act, 1994. 889